What is chromosome

A chromosome is a thread-like structure located within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, composed of DNA and proteins. Chromosomes play a crucial role in the storage and transmission of genetic information.

- Structure: Each chromosome consists of a single, long DNA molecule wrapped around histone proteins, forming a compact structure. In humans, there are 46 chromosomes, organized into 23 pairs.

- Function: Chromosomes ensure accurate DNA replication and distribution during cell division. They carry genes, which are segments of DNA that encode for proteins, influencing traits and biological functions.

- Types: Chromosomes can be classified as autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) and sex chromosomes (X and Y), determining an organism's sex.

For example, the presence of an extra chromosome 21 results in Down syndrome, illustrating how chromosomal abnormalities can affect health. Understanding chromosomes is fundamental in genetics, medicine, and evolutionary biology (Griffiths et al., 2015).