Explain the functions of a Constitution with suitable India-specific examples?

The Constitution serves several critical functions in India:

1. Framework of Governance

It establishes the structure of government, delineating powers among the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary. For example, Article 14 ensures equality before the law.

2. Fundamental Rights

The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights, such as the right to freedom of speech (Article 19) and the right to equality (Article 15), protecting citizens from discrimination.

3. Directive Principles of State Policy

These principles guide the state in policy-making, aiming for social and economic justice. For instance, Article 39 mandates the state to ensure adequate means of livelihood.

4. Amendment Process

It provides a mechanism for amendments, allowing the Constitution to evolve. The 73rd and 74th Amendments empowered local self-governments, enhancing grassroots democracy.

5. Conflict Resolution

The Constitution acts as a mediator in disputes, ensuring stability and order, as seen in landmark cases like Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973).

In summary, the Indian Constitution is foundational for governance, rights, and social justice.